Todos Eventos

What can we learn from the full (three-dimensional) kinematic dipole? | Colóquios DFMA

Data: 
Friday, 10 November, 2023 - 16:00 to 17:00
Palestrante: 
Dra. Caroline Guandalin
Resumo: 

Resumo: Recent studies of our motion with respect to the distribution of matter on large scales have found discrepancies in our peculiar velocity with respect to results obtained from the cosmic microwave background (CMB). These findings raise questions about the Cosmological Principle, a fundamental concept that suggests our velocity should be the same in both the CMB and matter reference frames. In this talk, I will explore the quasar luminosity function (QLF), which describes how quasars are distributed in terms of distance and brightness, and how different QLF models impact the strength of the kinematic dipole. I will also discuss how ignoring the dipole evolution over time leads to different results for our peculiar velocity. Finally, I will explain how this time evolution may provide opportunities to constrain cosmological parameters, with a particular focus on dark energy.

Cosmology with gravitational lensing of the Cosmic Microwave Background | Colóquios DFMA

Data: 
Friday, 27 October, 2023 - 16:00 to 17:00
Palestrante: 
Prof. Louis Legrand
Resumo: 

Resumo:
 
The Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) is the most distant light that we can observe today. Since its emission roughly 380.000 years after the Big Bang it crossed all the Universe while coming to us. During their travel, the photons of the CMB have been deflected by the matter they crossed along their path, an effect called gravitational lensing. This deflection field of the CMB is a powerful observable, proportional to the integral of the matter distribution up to the early Universe. I will introduce how we can reconstruct this lensing field from CMB observations. I will then demonstrate how CMB lensing can put tight constraints on the content of the Universe, on the sum of the neutrino masses, and help us discover cosmic inflation. Lastly, I will introduce a new CMB lensing estimator, which will reconstruct optimally the lensing field for the next generation of CMB surveys. 

 

"Dipoles" | Colóquio DFMA

Data: 
Tuesday, 11 July, 2023 - 17:00 to 18:00
Palestrante: 
Prof. Dr. Enrico Bertuzzo - FISMAT IFUSP
Resumo: 

Resumo: Electric and magnetic dipoles play an important role in classical electromagnetism and quantum mechanics. They are even more significant in quantum field theory, since the first successful loop prediction of QED is precisely the anomalous (dipole) magnetic moment of the electron. More broadly, dipole operators frequently appear in theories beyond the standard model, where they can be probed using different techniques. In this colloquium, I will first summarize the important role that dipoles play in classical electromagnetism, quantum mechanics and quantum field theory; I will then describe two examples of theories beyond the Standard Model in which dipole operators are important for the phenomenology: "sterile dipoles" and "dark dipoles".

"Transição espectral do tipo Anderson em modelos esparsos multidimensionais: novos rumos e diretrizes | Colóquio DFMA"

Data: 
Tuesday, 27 June, 2023 - 17:00 to 18:00
Palestrante: 
Prof. Dr. Domingos Humberto Urbano Marchetti - FGE IFUSP
Resumo: 

Resumo: Proposto por Anderson em 1959 para descrever a mobilidade de elétrons em uma rede cristalina na presença de impurezas (contexto Físico: semicondutores, por exemplo, Si dopados com P), o modelo de Anderson é descrito por uma Hamiltoniana Hω = ∆ + V ω em l2 (Zd) onde ∆ é o Laplaciano discreto e V ω é um potencial aleatório (para cada sítio nV ω (n) é uma variável aleatória independente e igualmente distribuída F(x) = µ ( : Vω (n) ≤ x}) com um parâmetro v que controla a desordem. Anderson conjecturou a existência de um valor crítico 0 < vc < ∞ tal que, para v ≥ vo espectro de Hω é puro ponto (p.p.), µ quase certamente, e para v < vc medida espectral de Hω contém duas componentes separadas pela chamada fronteira de mobilidade (“mobility edges”) λ±: se λ ∈ [λ, λ+] o espectro de Hω  é puramente absolutamente contínuo (a.c.) e puro ponto no complemento, trazendo à Física dos materiais o importante e novo fenômeno de localização. Nossa atenção restringe-se aos últimos desenvolvimentos relativos a elusiva existência de espectro a.c., estabelecida em 1998 por A. Klein para o modelo de Anderson na rede de Bethe. Daremos nesta apresentaçãênfase as ideias e resultados empregados na trabalho em colaboração com W. F. Wreszinski sobre uma transição do tipo Anderson em uma classe de modelos esparsos em d ≥ 2

Quantum Bit Commitment - Colóquio DFMA

Data: 
Tuesday, 13 June, 2023 - 17:00 to 18:00
Palestrante: 
Profa. Bárbara Lopes Amaral
Resumo: 

Resumo: Bit commitment is a cryptographic protocol between two mistrusting parties, Alice and Bob, in which Alice wants to commit to a bit while keeping it hidden from Bob. Bit commitment is an important primitive in cryptography since it can serve as a building block to achieve various cryptographic tasks, such as secure coin flipping, zero knowledge proofs, secure computation, user authentication, signature schemes, and verifiable secret sharing.  It was accepted that exemplary valid quantum protocols for bit commitment were available, but the optimism in the development of secure quantum bit commitment protocols was put into very serious doubt in works by Mayers and by Lo and Chau were it was shown, or so was it believed for over 20 years, that all proposed quantum bit commitment protocols are insecure. In this seminar I will talk about  the development of the project Unconditionally Secure Quantum Bit Commitment, developed in partnership with Prof. Paulo Nussenzveig (USP) and Prof. Charles Tresser (IMPA), and funded by the Call 04/2020 of Instituto Serrapilheira, in which our goal is to understand the assumptions in Mayers and Lo and Chau results and search for a quantum protocol that evades these assumptions and thus accomplishes unconditionally secure quantum bit commitment. If successful, this will be a major contribution to the field, not only for the practical applications of a bit commitment scheme but also for our understanding of the limits of quantum cryptography and quantum information, changing our perspective of what can or can not be done with quantum systems.

"Are we there yet?" | Colóquio DFMA

Data: 
Tuesday, 16 May, 2023 - 17:00 to 18:00
Palestrante: 
Prof. Dr. Oscar Eboli
Resumo: 


Resumo: The standard model (SM) passed with flying colors all the tests it has been subjected to. More than a decade ago the Cern Large Hadron Collider (LHC) started probing a new energy scale, leading to the discovery of the last SM building block, the Higgs boson. However, the SM is not the final theory since it leaves many questions answered. The LHC has been searching for signals of extensions of the SM. Let's analyze the present results and answer the question whether we are there yet!

Thermalization at the femtoscale seen in high-energy Pb+Pb collisions | Colóquio DFMA

Data: 
Tuesday, 11 April, 2023 - 17:00 to 18:00
Palestrante: 
Prof. Dr. Matthew Luzum - FISMAT IFUSP
Resumo: 


Resumo: A collision between two atomic nuclei accelerated close to the speed of light creates a dense system of quarks and gluons. Interactions among them are so strong that they behave collectively like a droplet of fluid of ten-femtometer size, which expands into the vacuum and eventually fragments into thousands of particles. We report direct evidence that this fluid reaches thermalization, at least to some extent, using recent data from the Large Hadron Collider. The ATLAS Collaboration has measured the variance of the momentum per particle across Pb+Pb collision events with the same particle multiplicity. It decreases steeply over a narrow multiplicity range corresponding to central collisions, which hints at an emergent phenomenon. We show that the observed pattern is explained naturally if one assumes that, for a given multiplicity, the momentum per particle increases as a function of the impact parameter of the collision. Since a larger impact parameter goes along with a smaller collision volume, this in turn implies that the momentum per particle increases as a function of density. This is a generic property of relativistic fluids, thus observed for the first time in a laboratory experiment.

Reference: https://arxiv.org/abs/2303.15323

New physics in our universe? The Hubble tension and early dark energy | Colóquio do DFMA

Data: 
Tuesday, 6 December, 2022 - 14:00 to 15:00
Palestrante: 
Profa. Dra. Elisa Gouvea Ferreira - FISMAT IFUSP
Resumo: 

 

Resumo: One of the key topics in cosmology nowadays is the Hubble tension, a discrepancy in the present value of the expansion of our universe (H0) coming from direct (local), and indirect measurements of H0. The most significant tension is between the inferred H0 from the cosmic microwave background (CMB) by Planck, for the ΛCDM model,  and the local one from SHOES, reaching a 5σ discrepancy. This tension could hint at new physics beyond the standard ΛCDM model. A dark energy-like component in the early universe, known as early dark energy (EDE), is a proposed solution to the Hubble tension. Currently, there is no consensus in the literature as to whether EDE can simultaneously solve the Hubble tension and provide an adequate fit to the data from the CMB and large-scale structure of the universe. In this talk, I will first review the status of the Hubble tension, and some of the models that try to address it, focusing on the EDE model and its current constraints. I will show that previous analyses suffered from statistical effects that biased their result toward the conclusion that only a small fraction of EDE was allowed by data. We use a frequentists analysis to show that EDE indeed resolves the Hubble tension and remains one of the main solutions to restore concordance in cosmology. I will also talk about the role of the massive neutrinos in these scenarios and if neutrinos can make EDE a more viable model for our universe.

Versão hierárquica do modelo N-vectorial ferromagnético e seu limite esférico N \to \infty: Propriedades de Lee-Yang e implicações | Colóquio DFMA

Data: 
Monday, 21 November, 2022 - 17:00 to 18:00
Palestrante: 
Prof. Dr. Domingos Humberto Urbano Marchetti - FGE IFUSP
Resumo: 

Sumário: O modelo hierárquico de Dyson N-vectorial é um sistema clássico de spins sobre uma esfera N-dimensional, com simetria

O(N), residindo em uma rede d-dimensional, e cujas interações ferromagnéticas estão organizadas em níveis de hierarquia. Quando N

é grande este modelo se aproxima do modelo esférico de Berlin e Kac, introduzido no início dos anos 50. O modelo esférico é o mais simples
exatamente analisável que exibe transição de fase (do tipo condensação) se d>2. Devido aos resultados obtidos por Molchanov e
colaboradores no modelo hierárquico esférico, válidos em qualquer temperatura recíproca \beta, incluindo a crítica, o limite
N\rightarrow \infty  propicia uma ferramenta bem conhecida e um laboratório útil para descrever as leis limite da magnetização
(variável de spin total) por grupo de renormalização. Outra peculiaridade está relacionada ao teorema de Lee-Yang, um importante
instrumento para o estudo rigoroso dos fenômenos críticos. O enunciado do teorema clássico assume interações ferromagnéticas quaisquer
e sua versão para o modelo N-vetorial é demonstrada somente se N=1, 2 e 3. Existe, porém, uma prova deste teorema devido a Kozitsky para interações
ferromagnéticas hierárquicas válida para todo $N$ inteiro \geq 1.

Em colaboração com William R. P. Conti (Unifesp-Santos) revisitamos alguns tópicos levantado em um preprint de 2008 (arXiv:0804.2704):
"Hierarchical spherical model as a `viscosity limit' of corresponding Heisenberg model" . A função de partição do modelo N-vectorial pode ser
limitada, por cima e por baixo, pela função de partição do modelo esférico. As expressões deduzidas pelo método de ponto de sela são
uniformes nas dimensões do hipercubo L^{d} básico, quando a escala L no limite em que tende a 1, cunhado por Felder como
"aproximação de potencial local". Neste limite, a transformação de grupo de renormalização para o modelo N-vectorial é
governada por uma equação diferencial parcial (semilinear parabólica)de Polchinski e quotas superiores e inferiores para a função de
partição fornecem sub e super soluções explícitas para sua trajetória.

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